Currently, corrugated pipes are frequently used, although clay and concrete pipes are still being used as well. globalindustrial Stems and leaves of Bambusa bambosare used in traditional Indian medicine as a blood purifier, in the treatment of leucoderma and inflammatory conditions. These differences in rhizome systems can be because of their adaptations to climate conditions to which the bamboos belong. The excellent quality of these products is due to good qualification of the workforce and the availability of machines that assist the production process. Species of bamboo are found in all continents except in Europe [2]. The silane coupling treatment has been found to significantly improve the impact fatigue strength of the composites [66]. The same trend in the properties of permanganate- and benzoylation-treated bamboo fibre polyester composites was observed [61]. The effect of acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon on the antibacterial activity of acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon silver nanoparticles has been reported [54]. However, the advantage of bamboo is that it grows incredibly fast, that it can be harvested on an annual basis without damaging or having to re-plant the plantation or forest, and that bamboo has some superior mechanical properties compared to traditional timbers. [75] further reported that the current uses of bamboo in Nigeria represent only a fraction of economic activities in the country. Some bamboo products for building or construction purpose include ply bamboo, bamboo panels/composite boards of different types, particle boards, mat boards, bamboo parquet and bamboo fibre-reinforced plastic [5, 76, 104]. In another interesting study reported by Kumar and Kumar [50], alkali treatment of bamboo fibre further increased the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo-epoxy nanocomposites by 60 and 42%, respectively, as compared to pure composites. Bamboo internodes (the part between 2 nodes) of larger diameter bamboo species such as Guadua angustifolia or Dendrocalamus asper are very well suited to make a bamboo beehive. Alkali hydrolysis is a conventional technique. Drainpipes made from bamboo serve as low-cost substitute to those made from assorted materials.

Bamboo being trees that grow and mature in a very short period of time can secure continuous supply of cheap tree and fibres compared to other woody biomasses. The list of musical bamboo instruments is indeed very long and include xylophones, rainsticks, marimbas, angklung, castanets, drum sticks, zithers, slit drums, chimes, maracas, guitars, ukuleles, violins, Chapman sticks, pan flutes, didgeridoos, pipe organs, saxophones, clarinets, kazoos, whistles, trumpets, and piccolos just to name a few. Bamboo has been used for thousands of years by many cultures around the world. The enhancement in mechanical properties was also an indication of strong bonding between matrix and bamboo fibre [73]. [59] suggested a complicated method for obtaining bamboo fibre. Bamboo stems present excellent physical and mechanical properties that can be used as a substitute for other materials such as steel aiming fabrication of concrete structures. Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo. When bamboo is laminated and used to produce furniture, it is difficult to differentiate it from wood [75]. Other applications include for purification of waters, soils and sediments contaminated by PAHs; for environmental protection and architectural decorations [91] and as conductor and fuel [14]. It has been found out that from 4 tons of bamboo nearly 1 ton of pulp is produced which is utilised in different furnishes for production of paper and board [78]. [29] reported that the total aboveground standing biomass of bamboo in northeast India was 42.98Mgha1year1. The Japanese have used the leaves of bamboo as fodder for livestock for hundreds of years. [64] developed and reported an efficient and eco-friendly technology for the improvement of interfacial adhesion of bamboo fibre-Unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for manytraditional instruments such as a wide variety of flutes, but because of the excellent sound properties of solid bamboo panels it is now also used for making modern guitars. Bamboos have agronomical and technological characteristics highly essential to obtain cellulose [2]. Lu etal. Bamboo charcoal can be used in different industries including chemical, pharmaceutical and energy production industries (Table 5). Bamboo beverage and beer have been widely accepted mainly in Asian countries such as China, Korea and Japan. Kumar etal. Ogunwusi and Onwualu [3] reported that feeding chickens on organic diets containing fresh bamboo leaves lead to 70% weight gain more than those do fed on standard organic diets. Home > Books > Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects, Submitted: October 6th, 2016 Reviewed: March 9th, 2018 Published: May 30th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com.

The slurry was then freeze-dried to obtain dry bamboo fibre. As a typical forest plant in the tropical and subtropical area, bamboo forest plays significant roles in its biological characteristics and growth habits. Many Filipinos use this bamboo to make "Kerosene Bamboo Cannons", which they use as an alternative to firecrackers, during Christmas and the New Year. It attains maturity in 3years as compared to wood, which takes almost more than 20years. Bamboo fibres have great potential as an alternative to inorganic fillers and are raw material for fabricating a composite material, and their applicability is being widely investigated. After being washed with hot water, the fibres were treated with 0.04% xylanase and 0.5% DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) at 70C for 60min at a pH of 6.5. The total production capacity of bamboo pulp in China reached 2,4 million tons in 2017, of which 80% of the pulp is used for the production of unbleached bamboo pulp for household paper grades. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. However, cost, energy, water, and chemical concerns in manufacturing still must be addressed. [47] in their study, soaked bamboo strips in 4% NaOH for 72h to extract the fibre. In recent years, the development and utilisation of bamboo have attracted particular attention, not only in paper, textile and food industry but also for construction and reinforcing fibres. Bamboo textiles present many solutions to the present unsustainable nature of textile engineering as bamboo is a renewable resource that yields 50 times as much fiber per acre as cotton. Their potential and utilisation for cellulose, bio-ethanol and other related products have been studied. The demand for a substitute to resources associated with environmental problems has brought about a strong interest in the use of raw materials and products that are renewable, sustainable and biocompatible. It creates a rough fibre surface, activates hydroxyl groups and improves the fibre tensile strength. Bamboo mat board is being manufactured in China, India, Thailand and Vietnam [5]. Percentage of world bamboo resources by continent [14]. Chemical modification methods include alkali hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, coupling, etc. Imagine if all Central and South American homes, offices and sheds would use corrugated roofs made from bamboo instead of zinc or plastic, and imagine if all these roofs were produced from locally available native bamboo forests and plantations. In Central America, Bambusa vulgaris poles were used for many years to prop bananas for United Fruit. The culm, shoot and leaf of bamboo have been reported to possess anti-oxidation, anti-ageing, antibacterial and antiviral properties. Besides its role as a raw material for consumer products, bamboo has enormous prospects for industrial utilisation and as industrial raw material. Bamboo greenhouses are very popular among farming communities in the tropics because a bamboo greenhouse is much more economical to build, operate and maintain compared to conventional steel framed greenhouses. In addition, with adequate technology, the stems can be used in the production of cellulose, bio-ethanol and starch [21]. Because of its excellent characteristics, some countries are renewing their bioenergy strategies to include bamboo. Its brightness and optical properties remain stable while those papers make from wood may deteriorate over time. The increased content of the coupling agents used increased the morphological and mechanical properties of composites. Culms of many bamboo species secret siliceous materials, which can be used for medicine. Mine Kafon is a revolutionary landmine clearer/detonator that is very cheap to make. In addition, it significantly prevented the penetration and movement of water in the composites and resulted in reduced water uptake rates and diffusion coefficients. They reported that the modifications improved the mechanical properties of the cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites by improving the interfacial adhesion of the cellulose fibre and the matrix. This biomass possesses high potential as a substitute for many lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic materials in various capacities of applications owing to its chemical composition as well as its physical properties. Bamboo leaf contains 25% flavine and phenolic compound that have the power to remove active oxy-free radicals, stopping nitrification and abating blood fat. [67] carried out a comparative study on the effect of alkali soaking, silane coupling agent and maleic anhydride grafting on the mechanical properties of cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites. [49] reported that the characteristic properties of mercerised bamboo fibres used for the preparation of bamboo fibre-reinforced epoxy composites made the bio composites cost useful for dielectric applications. The use of alkali hydrolysis has been majorly to remove the amorphous regions that are responsible for low resistance to fungus attack in the fibre. Their mechanical, thermal, rheological property, morphology and miscibility properties were extensively studied. Bamboo plays a significant role as a material for consumer products. Natural plant fibres have unequivocally contributed to economic prosperity and sustainability in our daily lives [1]. There were a series of boutique shops that only sold eco-friendly bamboo clothing. They include bamboo (Kumamoto, Japan) with cellulose content of 47%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 28% [9]; bamboo with cellulose 43%, hemicelluloses 15% and lignin 26% [34]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) The advantages of mechanically processed bamboo fabric are its ramie-like feel, its natural antifungal and antimicrobial properties, its quick moisture absorption and drying capabilities, its ability to stay warm in cool weather and cool in warm weather, its ultraviolet protection, and its anti-static nature. Medicine made from the leaves of Pleioblastus amarusis used for treating fever, fidgeting and lungs inflammation [98]. With its high growth rate, a wide range of applications and renewability, bamboo resources occupy a noteworthy position in the twenty-first century as a versatile and vital raw material [20]. Bamboo is an excellent material for cheap and light plant support sticks, stakes or props. In another study, the preparation of short bamboo fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites with various loadings percentages of chemically modified bamboo fibres was reported [62]. 2018 The Author(s). Most of the manufacturers use this process as it requires not only a little time to yield the bamboo fibres but also less economic means mainly when compared with mechanical methods. Handicraft products with bamboo are exported mainly from Asian countries to other parts of the world. Others include resins, waxes and inorganic salts. The obtained pulp was cooled, filtered and washed, and then further treated with glacial acetic acid. The liquor ratio was 20, and the pH was maintained at 10.5. on an eroded slope), and its root structure remains intact after harvest, thus, generating new shoots [24]. The percentage of world bamboo resources by continent is shown in Table 2 [14] and the countries with the most abundant bamboo resources are shown in Table 3 [15]. During this pyrolytic process, bamboo is converted to stable charcoal. Bamboo charcoal is generally used by goldsmith and in gardening to prevent moisture available to plants particularly in Japan [78]. This resulted in significant improvements in both the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites by the improved interfacial adhesion. NaOH solution pre-treatment of cellulose provided the composites with the highest stiffness, KH560 modification resulted in best ductility. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. They reported that the modification improved various features such as fine structure, impact strength, wetting ability, interfacial strength, mechanical properties, weathering and thermal properties of the composites [51, 52, 53]. The multi-functional ranges of bamboo uses have shown that it may prove beneficial as a valuable and sustainable natural resource [76]. Unless a product is made directly with bamboo fiber (mechanically processed bamboo) it is not allowed be called bamboo. Bamboo provides food, shelter and medicine and serves as raw material for many industries. Bamboo rayon-copper nanoparticle composite fabric was also prepared using acrylic acid-grafted bamboo rayon revealed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which was durable until 50 washings [55]. The common species of bamboo used for this purpose are given in Table 5. Many research and technical works have been carried out on the chemical modification of bamboo fibres to improve their properties for specialised applications [43, 44, 45, 46]. Prior to bamboo utilisation in large scale as an economically viable engineering material, a study on properties and structures must be carried out. The bamboo potential as an industrial raw material is linked to its agronomical and technological characteristics [2]. [96] developed a combined production process for cellulose fibres and ethanol from B. vulgaris, whichgave good results to bamboo use. Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Rei Bamboo Wear and Its Application in Friction Materi Bamboo charcoal, bamboo charcoal briquettes, bio-methane, Bio-ethanol, Plywood, laminated bamboo board, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated wood strips, mat curtain plywood, door shutter, matchstick, bamboo clipboard, furniture and handicrafts, charcoal, Cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea, Floor tiles, toys, bamboo composite decking, bamboo composite fencing, bamboo composite deck tiles, bamboo composite railings, bamboo composite dustbins, bamboo composite outdoor furniture, bamboo decking accessories. However, bamboo offers an ecologically viable alternative to timber for construction due to its low-cost and fast growth rate [3]. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. Bamboo is used to make musical instruments for thousands of years, probably as a percussion instrument at first, but later also for wind instruments and stringed instruments. The result indicated that bamboo could be satisfactorily used as an alternative to the various assorted materials that are very common in markets to provide an advantage of cost, as well as easy transportation, handling and laying. Also, bamboo pipes do not contaminate the water being conveyed and do not react with the soil; unlike the other assorted materials, thus preventing the excessive cost of treating the water being conveyed for the various human and animal uses [101]. [30], when comparing the annual biomass yield between bamboo and Miscanthusspecies, reported that of bamboo to range from 5.9 to 49.5Mgha1year1. It serves as a substitute for wood charcoal or mineral coal and has been reported to possess absorption capacity which is six times that of wood charcoal of the same weight [3, 14]. Pre-treatment of bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with dilute sulphuric acid before enzymatic hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugars has also been investigated [38]. It has high-density; non-corrosive and can, therefore, be mixed with gasoline. After treatment with 0.5% sulphuric acid solution for 10min and then being emulsified for 5 days, refined bamboo fibre was obtained. It is worthy of note that a bamboo fuelled power station is being built in Mizoram state of India to help meet the energy need of Indias northeast [93].

Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Or as the ancient Asian saying goes:"A man is born in a bamboo cradle and goes away in a bamboo coffin. The treated pulp was called bleached bamboo fibre. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose [78]. In addition, the excellent properties of bamboo enhanced via different chemical modification methods to improve their mechanical and thermal makes their fibre to be competitive with other materials used in the reinforcing of different polymers. Marco Polo was the first to reveal the domestic value and importance of bamboo to the Western World trough his historic travels in Asia. The comparison of alkaline and acetylating treatments showed that the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-polypropylene composites were improved and adhesion between bamboo fibre and polypropylene matrix was enhanced. Bamboo paper has a high tear index, similar to that of hardwood paper, and its brightness and optical properties remain stable, while those of wood derived paper may deteriorate over time. Bamboo leaf tea is a low-calorie health food, which is rich in protein and fibre, but free of caffeine. The problem with this method was that fibre bundles with diameters of 10010.4m were also formed during the extraction; therefore, the parameters were chosen to optimise separation of bamboo fibre by using a minimum amount of NaOH [48]. With over 1200 species and 70 genera, bamboo are found in natural forests, semi-exploited stands and vast plantations globally in an area of more than 14 million ha. Bamboo polo balls where made and used during most of the 20th century, as they were stronger than wooden balls. I usually answer with the rhetorical question: What products can be made from wood?

The aboveground biomass of bamboo in the Philippines was first reported as 146.8Mgha1year1 (Suzuki and Jacalne [119]). During my last visit home to Canada about a year ago, I noticed a new interesting trend at the time. At present, there are about 3000 companies around the world that are engaged in the production of various bamboo-based products [77]. Dilute acid pre-treatment of bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF) and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL) have been investigated for xylose and glucose yields [42]. Bamboo is a perennial woody grass, which belongs to the family Gramineae and subfamily Bambuseae [7]. In China, it is the valuable raw material for the booming bamboo industry. Besides, it is recognised as an industrial raw material globally and has tremendous potentials for economic development of nations [75].

This method removed 3842% of the polysaccharides and lignin from the bamboo chips. Different authors have investigated different species and bamboo parts. Dilute phosphoric acid pre-treatment of bamboo was also studied for producing dissolving pulp for textile utilisation [74]. Bamboo is known as one of the materials more versatile to the handicraft production because it is a raw material of easy acquisition, low-cost and demands simple tools in preparation. The leaf bud of B. spinosais used in leprosy, fever and haemoptysis. Although data on worldwide production of bamboo products are incredibly unreliable, they do not appear in significant commodity databases [8]. It has been reported that the density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800kg/m3 depending on anatomical structures such as quantity and distribution of fibres around vascular bundles [4], with its maximum density usually obtained from 3years old culms [5, 6]. Two manufacturing processes are currently used to make textiles from bamboo:chemical processing and mechanical processing. For instance, there are some situations where bamboo is used as poles for aerial antenna, electrification, rafters, fishing traps, yam stakes, etc. In the Philippines, you can find gigantic bamboo plants deep within the tropical jungles, mountains, and even near the rice paddies. An HNO3-KClO3 method has also been used to extract fibre from bamboo samples. They include drainpipes made from wood boards or box drains, bricks, horseshoe-shaped ceramic tile, circular clay tile, concrete tile, bituminised fibre perforated pipe, perforated smooth plastic pipe to corrugated plastic pipe. In rural Tanzania, a bamboo pipe network is being used for providing safe and constant water supply to a large rural population [102].

Bamboo is found in abundance in Asia and South America [11]. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. The use of bamboo fibres as reinforcement in composite materials has been immensely amplified with high-tech revolution in recent years. How? The chemical composition of bamboo is known to be similar to that of wood, but bamboo has a higher content of minor components compared with wood [32].

Bamboo has been reported to be valuable in health care delivery and processed into beverages, medicines, pesticides and other household items such as toothpaste, soaps, etc. Bamboo is a principal construction material in many countries, particularly in rural areas. These materials are very expensive, not readily available, require a high degree of maintenance and pollute water, which they convey due to the pipes constituents. However, bamboo is a green biofuel for fighting deforestation and climate change [92].

Bamboo paper has the same quality with paper made from wood. The bark is a cure for eruptions [99]. [63] evaluated the effect of pressing time on physical and mechanical properties of phenolic-impregnated bamboo strips. Liu etal. The sap of B. vulgarisis given as a remedy for phthisis in the Philippines [100]. The ashes of bamboo are used to polish jewels and manufacture electrical batteries. Some chemical and pharmaceutical products are cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea (see Table 5). In an exciting study, Kumar etal. Although some of these applications are very limited in scope, continuous researches on bamboo can increase their potential and induce their aggressive interest in many more areas. In recent years different technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fiber to be used for a wide range of textile, fabrics, yarn, cloth, clothing and fashion applications such as T-shirts, pants, underwear, socks, towels, bedsheets, pillow covers, blankets, mattresses, and even bulletproof vests. They have high potentials in carbon fixation, and this is due to the prediction that the carbon stocks in bamboo stands based on previous data for 2050 may get to 1017.64 Tg C [26] or reach 1138.8 Tg C [27]. Crude fibre bundles of bamboo, obtained by drawing bamboo chips roasted at 150C for 30min, were first immersed in water at 60C for 24h, and then air-dried before removing impurities further by repeated rolling. This method has made the incorporation of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) onto the surfaces of bamboo fibres to improve interfacial adhesion between bamboo fibre and poly-(butylene succinate) [66].



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