Specifically, the Federal Communications . 2002;5:18995. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. 2008;86:718. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. 1992;114:16202. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2005;438:18592. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2013;17:711. Article Int J Radiat Biol. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Electromagn Biol Med. Google Scholar. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. PubMed Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 2015;140:23646. Dasdag et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Springer Nature. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. PubMed Cell Biochem Biophys. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. radiation with wavelengths. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. 2013;32:27380. 2009;63:10106. 2011;35:36978. Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Neurol Sci. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. 2005;130:591600. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;18:32533. Google Scholar. 2011;174:211. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Qiao et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. 2015;91:55561. 2005;161:3314. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Google Scholar. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Behav Brain Res. PubMed 2003;140:147. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. 2004;996:8996. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. 2008;29:52738. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Cell Biochem Biophys. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . 2014;12:75. Correspondence to The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Biomed Environ Sci. Effect of mobile-phone radiation on Human health - SlideShare 2006;79:13140. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. CAS 2004;2004:19. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Surg Neurol. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. . 1996;93:46938. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Othman et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Interphone study group. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the J Neurosci. P Nat Acad. 2001;93:2037. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Google Scholar. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Exp Neurobiol. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. 1994;15:95104. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Int J Radiat Biol. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Yale J Biol Med. CAS Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Joubert et al. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2006;165:63644. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. 1992;6:379. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2010;1347:17985. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Vorobyov et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2009;64:2314. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Behav Brain Res. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. 2015;51:15865. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Zhao et al. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Cobb et al. J Mol Neurosci. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. 2007;96:218196. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Int J Radiat Biol. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Verma et al. 2005;25:10190201. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 1990;39:13543. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 2012;25:1828. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Arch Environ Health. radiations. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Article This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Abe M, Bonini NM. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2007;28:187380. Toxicol Sci. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. 2012;31:6774. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains 2016;25:31827. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Cosquer et al. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009;158:12639. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Xu et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Mol Neurobiol. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al.
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