Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. 2. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Add a comment. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind Sore throat. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). It is typically consumed in pill form. As we grow older, we sleep less. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. A) managed care The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Guilleminault et al. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Diarrhea. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. How does hypnosis work? While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. They were ALL my fault. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks 0. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Treatment. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Not able to pass stool or gas. The heart rate slows . The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. . Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). . Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit.