festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. /Text Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). <> When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" /Size 61 B. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. Control condition. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. >> In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. /Resources 50 0 R Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream 0000000015 00000 n 4. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. Which of the following statements is TRUE? According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Social Researcher. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? Her improved performance is an example of. 0000000868 00000 n Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination 5. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. 3. The results were surprising to Festinger. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. /Contents 58 0 R This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. anything important? Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. <>stream Nicole will probably experience. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. 1. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. (Goleman, 1991) The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. Alex was most likely engaging in________. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). /ID[<6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064><6F318BB6E8BA809AD9B6B9D834A90064>] He must be a genius." endobj This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. If a person is induced to do or say something which is contrary to his private opinion, there will be a tendency for him to change his opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has done or said. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." 0000010660 00000 n "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". KING, B.T. Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." He called it the Sacrifice Trap: in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. A theory of cognitive dissonance. 47 14 /O 49 The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Festinger, L. (1957). Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted York University, Toronto, Ontario. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Take it with you wherever you go. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Don't see what you need? We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. Now Lilly says that classic rock is her favorite music, too. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? in order to reduce dissonance. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. << {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= <> Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). trailer hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Twenty Dollar condition. New York: Harper & Row. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Leon Festinger and his colleague James Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. Their prediction provedcorrect. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. (p.47). One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. >> When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. 0000010779 00000 n Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. (Boulding, 1969) 0000000658 00000 n Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. . That is it. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ Patrick has a strong_____. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. Rating scale 0 to 10. The five ratings were: 1. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Please sign in to share these flashcards. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. 80 0 obj <> endobj The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. 0 These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Harry's belief is based on. Or is there something more nuanced at play? So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. JANIS, I.L. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Cognitive Dissonance. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. The S worked at this task for another half hour. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. // adblocker detected Scott, W. A. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Social Researcher. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Psy 301: Social Psychology (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. From this point on they diverged somewhat. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments.